In this tenth and final episode, we will wrap up the discussion on human evolution and discuss further considerations to the subject. A few topics that will be touched on are questions with regards to consciousness which cannot be studied through empirical science as well as how the language of evolution can evoke a sense of godlessness. Finally, we will end with a discussion on the true purpose of human beings and how this discussion should not impact our faith and the important answers that Islam does give us. References: Quranic verses referred to: Q.15:28-30, Q.30:7, & Q.59:19 Haider Hobbollah, “Brief Overview of the Relationship Between Rationality and Revelation – Iqra Online,” ed. Muhammad Jaffer, Iqraonline.net, 2020, https://www.iqraonline.net/brief-overview-of-the-relationship-between-rationality-and-revelation/. Shoaib Malik’s “Does Belief In Human Evolution Entail Kufr (Disbelief)? Evaluating The Concerns Of A Muslim Theologian” Sayyid Muneer al-Khabazz: https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=VK0rVfy9pMs Christof Koch, “What Is Consciousness?,” Nature.com, 2018, https://www.nature.com/articles/d41586-018-05097-x. Oliver Burkeman, “Why can’t the world’s greatest minds solve the mystery of consciousness?” The Guardian, modified January 21, 2015, http://www.theguardian.com/science/2015/jan/21/-sp-why-cant-worlds-greatest-minds-solve-mystery-consciousness. Jared Diamond, “Evolution, consequences and future of plant and animal domestication” Nature 418 (8 August 2012), http://www.nature.com/nature/journal/v418/n6898/full/nature01019.html, 700-707. William C. Chittick, Science of the Cosmos, Science of the Soul: The Pertinence of Islamic Cosmology in the Modern World (Oxford: Oneworld, 2008), 83. Ibn Bābawayh (Shaykh al Ṣadūq), Muḥammad b. ʿAlī. ʿIlal al Sharāʾi. Vol. 1. Qom: Davari Bookstore, 2006 Seyyed Hossein Nasr, “On the Question of Biological Origins,” Islam & Science 4, no. 2 (2006), http://www.cis-ca.org/jol/vol4-no2/nasr-f-prn.pdf.

This episode continues to discusses the scriptural evidence for the idea that Adam (a) is the forefather of all of humanity today. Various Twelver-Shii scholars opine that the literal meaning of this verse, or its dhuhur, indicates that all of humanity today are the offspring solely of Adam and Eve with no third-parties involved. However, there are some mufassirin who posit that though this is the dhuhur or more likely prima-facie meaning, there is still room for other literal possibilities. As such, even though we know that Adam (a) was created in a miraculous unique process outside of evolution, it is possible that there were other Homo sapiens which his offspring mated with, and this idea would explain the existence of the DNA in the current human population showing genetic markers and indicating that we have a mixed ancestry. This possibility however should only be taken in the case that we have definitive empirical data that shows the impossibility that we are only from Adam and Eve if we are to remain true to the hermeneutical principles that we established earlier. We will also discuss what some possible explanations are for the genetic data that we see in the human population today. References: Ayatullah Nasir Makarim Shirazi, Tafsire Nemune, Volume 3, accessed with NOOR Software: Jami al-Tafasir. ʼAyātullah Jawādī ʼĀmulī , Tafsir Tasnīm, Volume 17, accessed on Nashre Esra CD. Ayatullah Jawadi Amuli, Recorded and Transcribed Lectures of the Commentary of Surah al-Nisa, accessed February 20th, 2015, http://www.portal.esra.ir/Pages/Index.aspx?kind=2&lang=fa&skinid=66&id=Nzk4-nik5IJYu24s%3d. “Punctuated Equilibrium,” www.fossilmuseum.net, accessed April 4, 2020, http://www.fossilmuseum.net/Evolution/punctuated_equilibrium.htm. See Allamah Majlisi, Hayat al-Qulub, v. 1 Q.15:28 وَإِذْ قَالَ رَبُّكَ لِلْمَلَائِكَةِ إِنِّي خَالِقٌ بَشَرًا مِّن صَلْصَالٍ مِّنْ حَمَإٍ مَّسْنُونٍ ﴿٢٨﴾ “When your Lord said to the angels, ‘Indeed I am going to create a human out of a dry clay [drawn] from an aging mud.”

This episode discusses the scriptural evidence for the idea that Adam (a) is the forefather of all of humanity today. The answer to this question from a scriptural perspective is multi-fold. The ahadith are pretty clear that he is, however the Qur’an does not include much in a literal way, except for in the first verse of Surat an-Nisa. Various Twelver-Shii scholars opine that the literal meaning of this verse, or its dhuhur, indicates that all of humanity today are the offspring solely of Adam and Eve with no third-parties. However, in the event that there is definitive evidence otherwise, this dhuhur is not binding to a literal understanding of the verse. This is possibly the most crucial question in the series and this episode will break it down in detail. References Qur’anic References: Q.4:1 Smithsonian’s National Museum of Natural History, “Genetics,” The Smithsonian Institution’s Human Origins Program, March 2010, http://humanorigins.si.edu/evidence/genetics. “Behind the Science” The Genographic Project: National Geographic, accessed February 20, 2015, https://genographic.nationalgeographic.com/science-behind/ Dennis R Venema, Adam and the Genome: Reading Scripture after Genetic Science (Grand Rapids: Brazos Press, 2017). Dennis Venema, “Adam, Eve, and Human Population Genetics Part 4: Signature in the SNPs” The Biologos Forum: Science and Faith in Dialogue, modified January 16th, 2015, http://biologos.org/blog/signature-in-the-snps. “Modern Human Diversity- Genetics” Smithsonian Natural Museum of Natural History, accessed February 20, 2015, http://humanorigins.si.edu/evidence/genetics/skin-color/modern-human-diversity-genetics Lin Edwards, “Humans were Once an Endangered Species” phys.org, modified January 21st, 2010, http://phys.org/news183278038.html. Nature Research Ecology & Evolution Community, “Adam and Eve: A Tested Hypothesis?,” Nature Research Ecology & Evolution Community, October 28, 2017, https://natureecoevocommunity.nature.com/users/24561-richard-buggs/posts/22075-adam-and-eve-a-tested-hypothesis. Ewen Callaway, “Genetic Adam and Eve did not live too far apart in time” Nature, modified August 6th, 2013, http://www.nature.com/news/genetic-Adam-and-eve-did-not-live-too-far-apart-in-time-1.13478#/b2. Douglas L. T. Rohde, Steve Olson & Joseph T. Chang, “Modelling the recent common ancestry of all living humans” Nature 431, 562-566 (30 September 2004). http://www.nature.com.ezproxy.library.ubc.ca/nature/journal/v431/n7008/full/nature02842.html

This episode discusses the scriptural evidence or lack thereof for Adam having biological parents. In other words, is it possible that Prophet Adam (a), though the first full human being with all of humanity’s metaphysical qualities, had biological parents or could have descended from an evolutionary tree? The main evidence against this lies in the discussion about the dhuhur or prima-facie meaning of the Qur’anic verse that compares Prophet Adam (a) to Prophet Isa (a) i.e. Jesus and his miraculous conception. References: Qur’anic References: Q.15:28-30, Q.7:11, Q.3:59, Q.2:117 Dr. Yadullah Sahebi, Quran Majid: Takamol va Khelqat Ensan (Iran: Sherkat Sehami Enteshar, 1387). ʿAllāmah Ṭabātābaʾī trans. Sayyid Saeed Akhtar Rizvi, Tafsir al-Mizan, Volume 6, (Tehran: WOFIS, 1986). 1 ʿAllāmah Ṭabātābaʾī trans. Sayyid Saeed Akhtar Rizvi, Tafsir al-Mizan, Volume 6, (Tehran: WOFIS, 1986), 39. ʼAyātullah Jawādī ʼĀmulī , Tafsir Tasnim, Volume 14, accessed February 20, 2015, http://www.aviny.com/quran/tasnim/jeld-14/tasnim-06.aspx#59. 1 Ayātullah Jawādī ʼĀmulī, Ṣūrat va Sīrat ʼInsān Dar Qur'an, accessed February 20, 2015, http://malakooti313.tebyan.net/post/7. Sayyid Mahmud Taleqani, Portoye az Qur'an, accessed February 20, 2015, http://library.tebyan.net/newindex.aspx?pid=102834&ParentID=0&BookID=78609&MetaDataID=2464&Volume=1&PageIndex=113&PersonalID=0&NavigateMode=CommonLibrary&Content=#p71, Shaykh Al-Ṣadūq aka Muhammad b. Husayn b. Babawayh al-Qummi, Al-Khiṣāl. Edited by Ali Akbar Ghaffari. Vol. 2. Qom: Jami’ah Mudarrisin, 1983 https://hadith.inoor.ir/hadith/316190?SourceID=0&PageType=ViewTranslate&HadithID=316190&FilterGroupID=0

This episode discusses the scriptural evidence for whether or not Adam (a) was the first human being. This question is crucial because it helps us to understand the existence of previous hominids. Unlike other traditions, the Twelver-Shi’I hadith corpus includes traditions that explicitly mention the existence of non-Adamic human-like creatures, called the nasnas. However, these traditions also mention their extinction. References: Qur’anic references: Q.2:30, Q.2:65, Q.7:166, Q.17:70, Q.36:71 Q.7:27 (This verse comes after God’s address to Adam and Eve for their disobedience. At first glance, one could argue that Banī Adam meant Adam and Eve, but with the third person reference to ‘your parents,’ it becomes clear this is an address to all of mankind.) “Fossil Hominids, Human Evolution: Thomas Huxley & Eugene Dubois, Understanding Evolution, accessed February 20, 2015, http://evolution.berkeley.edu/evolibrary/article/history_17. Muḥammad b. Mas’ud al-’Ayyāshī,. Tafsīr Al-ʿAyyāshī. Translated by Nazmina Dhanji. Vol. 1. Birmingham: AMI Press, 2020. ʿAllāmah Ṭabātābaʾī trans. Sayyid Saeed Akhtar Rizvi, Tafsīr al-Mīzān, Volume 1, (Tehran: WOFIS, 1983), 201. Makārim Shīrāzī, Āyatullah Naṣir. Tafsīr Nemūne. Vol. 3. Tehran: Dār al-Kutub al-Islāmiyyah, 1995. Ibn Bābawayh (Shaykh al Ṣadūq), Muḥammad b. ʿAlī. ʿIlal al Sharāʾi. Vol. 1. Qom: Davari Bookstore, 2006. ʿAlī b. Ibrāhīm al-Qummī, Tafsir al-Qummi, https://www.noorlib.ir/View/fa/Book/BookView/Image/11288. Al-Khalīl b. Aḥmad al-Farāhīdī, Kitāb Al-ʿAin (The Arabic Lexicon, 2020), http://arabiclexicon.hawramani.com/%d8%b3%d9%86/#f7f48c. “The Human Family’s Earliest Ancestors,” Smithsonian, 2010, https://www.smithsonianmag.com/science-nature/the-human-familys-earliest-ancestors-7372974/.

This episode discusses the alleged timeline of Prophet Adam (a) and various pieces of evidence including evidence in the fossil record, the Qur’an, and hadith. There are two plausible timelines for where to place Adam in history and the first is that is he existed more than 200,000 years ago and was the first of the Homo sapiens species. The second, and arguably more like possibility is that he existed 10-12,000 years ago. While exploring lines of evidence for human evolution, we will focus on explanations for the fossil record, and both scriptural and anthropological evidence that may help us navigate these two possibilities. References: Qur’anic References: Q.5:27-31 “What is a fossil?” , Idaho Museum of Natural History, accessed February 20, 2015, http://imnh.isu.edu/digitalatlas/geo/basics/fossil.htm Peppe, D. J. & Deino, A. L. (2013) Dating Rocks and Fossils Using Geologic Methods. Nature Education Knowledge 4(10):1 http://www.nature.com/scitable/knowledge/library/dating-rocks-and-fossils-using-geologic-methods-107924044 Michael Benton, “Accuracy of Fossils and Dating Methods” Actionbioscience, modified January 2001, http://www.actionbioscience.org/evolution/benton.html. Smithsonian’s National Museum of Natural History, “Human Evolution Timeline Interactive,” The Smithsonian Institution’s Human Origins Program, March 2010, http://humanorigins.si.edu/evidence/human-evolution-timeline-interactive. Thomas Sutikna et al., “Revised Stratigraphy and Chronology for Homo Floresiensis at Liang Bua in Indonesia,” Nature 532, no. 7599 (April 1, 2016): 366–369, https://doi.org/10.1038/nature17179. Fahu Chen et al., “A Late Middle Pleistocene Denisovan Mandible from the Tibetan Plateau,” Nature 569, no. 7756 (May 2019): 409–12, https://doi.org/10.1038/s41586-019-1139-x. Ker Than, “Oldest Burial Yields DNA Evidence of First Americans,” National Geographic, modified February 12, 2014, http://news.nationalgeographic.com/news/2014/02/140212-anzik-skeleton-dna-montana-clovis-culture-first-americans/ Ayātullah Jawādī ʼĀmulī, Ṣūrat va Sīrat ʼInsān Dar Qur'an, accessed February 20, 2015, http://malakooti313.tebyan.net/post/7, 25-31. “Qafzeh: Oldest Intentional Burial” Smithsonian National Museum of Natural History, accessed February 20, 2015, http://humanorigins.si.edu/evidence/behavior/qafzeh-oldest-intentional-burial. Rizwan Arastu, God’s Emissaries: Adam to Jesus, (Dearborn: IMAM, 2014). “The Development of Agriculture” The Genographic Project: National Geographic, accessed February 20, 2015, https://genographic.nationalgeographic.com/development-of-agriculture/. Simone Riehl, Mohsen Zeidi and Nicholas J. Conard “Emergence of Agriculture in the Foothills of the Zagros Mountains of Iran,” Science (5 July 2013, vol.341, NO. 61451, P.65-67), http://www.sciencemag.org.ezproxy.library.ubc.ca/content/341/6141/65.full “The Neolithic Revolution” Khan Academy, accessed February 20, 2015, https://www.khanacademy.org/humanities/prehistoric-art/neolithic-art/a/the-neolithic-revolution.

This episode includes a brief introduction to evolution itself and the difference between “fact and theory” and the distinction between empirical data and its explanations. We will also demonstrate how various Twelver-Shii scholars have grappled and discussed the issue since approximately one hundred years ago with surprising openness. We will introduce the four main questions that make up the bulk of this podcast series 1. What is the timeline of Adam? 2. Was Adam the first human being or Homo sapiens? 3. Is it possible Adam had biological parents? And perhaps most importantly 4. Are we all descendants of Adam? References: Ali Reza Fayz Mishkini, Ta’amuli Piramun Masale Takamol az Didgahe Qur’an Jibrail Muhammad Safar, Takamol dar Afarinesh Ensan az Negahe Andishmandan Mu’asir ba Mahvariyyat Naqd Ketab ‘Khelqate Ensan’ http://noo.rs/IT4wy Richard E. Lenski “Evolution: Fact and Theory” Actionbioscience, modified September 2000, http://www.actionbioscience.org/evolution/lenski.html.  “Theory, Fact and the Origin of Life ,” Nature Structural & Molecular Biology 12, no. 2 (February 2005):101. Smithsonian’s National Museum of Natural History, “Human Evolution Evidence,” The Smithsonian Institution’s Human Origins Program, March 1, 2010, http://humanorigins.si.edu/evidence.

In this episode, we will explore both theological and hermeneutical considerations that are relevant to the topic. We will also explore the common misconception that belief in evolution is somehow at odds with belief in God and the logical fallacies that play into this. What are the theological considerations that are relevant to this discussion on human evolutionary ancestry? Moreover, we will introduce in brief the subject of Qur’anic hermeneutics which is essentially the principles by which scholars interpret the Qur’an and the various concerns which they take into consideration, including different pieces of evidence for how to extrapolate meaning. When can we take the Qur’an figuratively vs. literally and what process do scholars follow? References: Verses on the origin of mankind: Q.7:11, Q.3:59, Q.6:98, Q.7:189, Q.18:37, Q.23:12, Q.32:6, Q.38:71-72 , Q.39:6, Q.71:17-18 Āyatullah Jawādī Āmulī, Tafsīre Tasnīm, vol. 14 (Qom: Esra Publications, 2001), 423. See http://toorumer.blogspot.ca/2010/08/evolution-and-islam-talk-with-dr-seyyed.html for a discussion with Seyyed Hossein Nasr on this topic. “Theory, Fact and the Origin of Life,” Nature Structural & Molecular Biology 12, no. 2 (February 2005):101. Denyse O’Leary, “Can We Solve the Mystery of the Origin of Life by Creating Life in the Lab?” Evolution News and Views, last modified March 24, 2014, http://www.evolutionnews.org/2014/03/can_we_solve_th083431.html Mortezā Moṭahharī, “توحید و تکامل” Accessed 2020, www.mortezamotahari.com/fa/ArticleView.html?ArticleID=78893 Shahīd Mortezā Moṭahharī, “God and Evolution” The Causes Responsible for Materialist Tendencies in the West (2 of 4), accessed February 20th, 2014, http://www.al-islam.org/al-tawhid/vol12-vol13/causes-responsible-materialist-tendencies-west-2-4-ayatullah-murtadha/causes#god-and-evolution. Muḥammad Bāqir al-Ṣadr, Principles of Islamic Jurisprudence, translated by Arif Abdulhussein (London: Islamic College for Advanced Studies Press, 2003). Robert Gleave, Scripturalist Islam: the History and Doctrines of the Akhbārī Shīʻī School (Leiden: Brill, 2007). http://tohid.ir/fa/index/book?bookID=425&page=1#11

In this episode , we will start the audiobook and begin to discuss approaches to science in religion and within the context of Qur’anic tafsir. As science has progressed, has this changed our relationship with religion? How have scholars dealt with new scientific ideas over time? References: Qur’anic verses referenced include: Q.4:82, Q.18:1, Q.29:20, Q.21:33 Lydia Saad, “Record Few Americans Believe Bible Is Literal Word of God,” Gallup.com (Gallup, April 23, 2019), https://news.gallup.com/poll/210704/record-few-americans-believe-bible-literal-word-god.aspx Michael Lipka, “Why Some Americans Left Religion Behind,” Pew Research Center (Pew Research Center, August 24, 2016), https://www.pewresearch.org/fact-tank/2016/08/24/why-americas-nones-left-religion-behind/. “In U.S., Decline of Christianity Continues at Rapid Pace,” Pew Research Center's Religion & Public Life Project, December 31, 2019, https://www.pewforum.org/2019/10/17/in-u-s-decline-of-christianity-continues-at-rapid-pace/ Besheer Mohamed and Elizabeth Podrebarac Sciupac, “Islam Gains about as Many Converts as It Loses in U.S.,” Pew Research Center (Pew Research Center, January 26, 2018), https://www.pewresearch.org/fact-tank/2018/01/26/the-share-of-americans-who-leave-islam-is-offset-by-those-who-become-muslim/ Matt Williams, “What Is The Geocentric Model Of The Universe?,” February 4, 2016, https://www.universetoday.com/32607/geocentric-model/ Maurice Bucaille, Qur’an and Sciencehttps://www.cia.gov/library/abbottabad-compound/05/05FE5F5794F40677F5E7497B2F765530_The%20Bible,The%20Qur%27an%20&%20Science.pdf Muhammad Hadi Ma’rifat trans. Salim Rossier and Mansoor Limba, Introduction to the Sciences of the Qur'an, Volume 1, (SAMT Publications, 2014) 256-7.

In episode 1, Ustadha Fatemah Meghji introduces the podcast series which is an audiobook version narrated by Br. Justin Mashouf and titled “Becoming Bani Adam: Exploring Twelver-Shii Discussions on Human Ancestry”. This episode discusses the journey behind the podcast and a brief introduction to its approach and the questions that will be explored about human evolution as well as introduce the format to the podcast and other resources on the topic. References: Ali Safdari, (2021, October 16). The History of Adam and the Case for Prehistoric Humans in the Scripture and Ḥadīth. Mind In Momentum. Retrieved July 7, 2022, from https://mindinmomentum.com/?p=417 Ali Safdari, (Upcoming). Adamic Lineal Exceptionalism: A Twelver-Shīʿī Perspective on Human Evolution, Routledge. Shoaib Ahmed Malik (2021). Islam and Evolution: Al-Ghazālī and the Modern Evolutionary Paradigm (1st ed.). Routledge. https://www.taylorfrancis.com/books/oa-mono/10.4324/9780429345753/islam-evolution-shoaib-ahmed-malik David Solomon Jalajel, “Tawaqquf and Acceptance of Human Evolution,” Yaqeen Institute for Islamic Research, accessed July 12, 2022, https://yaqeeninstitute.ca/read/paper/tawaqquf-and-acceptance-of-human-evolution . Ali Paya (2022) Science vs. Religion the Case of a Historical Intellectual Exchange between Two Shi‘i Scholars Regarding Evolution, Theology and Science, DOI: 10.1080/14746700.2022.2084855