Short summary:
[к] - [к’], [г] — [г’], [д] - [д’], [б] — [б’], [з] - [з’]
угол (corner) - уголь (coal)
When you pronounce hard consonants ([к][г][д][б][з]) you hear the pre-sound "ы". When you pronounce soft ([к’][г’][д’][б’][з’]) consonants you hear the presound "и".
Vowels а, о, у, ы, э go after hard consonants. Vowels и, е, ю,я go after soft consonants.
да-да - yes, дядя - uncle
Exercises: ка, га, да, ба, за
кя, гя, дя, бя, зя,
кэ,гэ,дэ,бэ,зэ
ке,ге,де,бе,зе
ко,го,до,бо,зо
ку, гу, ду,бу,зу
кю,гю,дю,бю,зю
кы,гы,ды,бы,зы
ки,ги,ди,би,зи
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