AA4 Abdominal Anatomy 4 The anatomy of the retroperitoneal spaces The second part of this podcast includes the relevant embryological development of the GI tract.. this should enhance understanding of the surgical anatomy of the abdomen   Please assist us with contributions to PATRON at : https://patron.podbean.com/ANATOPOD   All gratefully acknowledged and appreciated it helps us to continue this important series   Further requests for podcast  topics to be covered may be made by contacting our Production Manager Margaret Anderson at [email protected]   Please watch out for the new anatomy book series adapted from these podcasts the first of which on the Head and Neck will be appearing later this year (2024)via Springer-Verlag publishers available at all bookstores and online outlets, Amazon, Abe Books, Barnes and Noble etc.   Very Best   Andrew Zbar

AA3 The Basic Anatomy of the Peritoneal Cavity   The basics of the anatomy of the peritoneum and peritoneal cavity are considered. The next podcast defines the anatomy of the retroperitoneum and the embryological development of the GI tract (and its clinical and anatomical relevance)   Please send us a small contribution for all this work so that we can continue to complete a digital podcast compilation of the entire body at   https://patron.podbean.com/ANATOPOD     All greatly appreciated and acknowledged    

The Anatomy of the Inguinal Canal, Scrotum and Testis   AA2 Inguinal Anatomy and Inguinal Hernia Made Clear!   In this podcast the anatomy of the inguinal canal is explained as is the mechanics and development of hernia repair…   All contributions gratefully accepted for expansion and continuation of this series at: https://patron.podbean.com/ANATOPOD   Don’t forget the new books coming out via Springer based on these podcasts which include line drawings of the anatomy explained so that you can practice and master them…   Drawing is Understanding and Understanding is Remembering…   Best   AZ    

Designated as Anatomy of the Abdomen 1 (AA1) This is the first of the abdominal series after a hiatus working on our new anatomy pocket books. The first of these on the Head and Neck will be available in all bookstores early in 2025 under Springer-Verlag publications.   This podcast discusses the anatomy of the rectus abdominis and the obliques.   Best   Andrew

Summary AT7   Anatomy of the Coronary Circulation and Conducting System   This podcast covers the coronary artery and venous anatomy and the anatomy of the conducting system including practical aspects of anomalies as they pertain to anatomy.   The next podcast is a Thoracic Quiz before we start the Anatomy of the Abdomen.   Please subscribe by patronizing our group so that we can continue through 2024.   Most grateful Please visit   https://patron.podbean.com/ANATOPOD

The second main podcast on Art and Anatomy…the story of anatomical illustration   Vesalius and Stephan van Calkar, Albinus and his resident artist Wandelaar, the Hunter brothers and their artist van Rymsdyk and the Bell brothers.   The next in this series is Exhibiting Bodies…the business of displaying the human body in the galleries and the museums   Music Birds of Norway licensed by Soundstream

AT6 The Anatomy of the Heart     Returned after a 4 week working break.   This podcast discusses the external and internal anatomy of the heart with consideration about how to dissect the cadaveric heart. The next podcast includes the arterial supply and venous drainage of the heart as well as the conducting system and the anatomy of the posterior mediastinum.   Please assist us with a contribution through Patron (not Patreon!!) at:      https://patron.podbean.com/ANATOPOD   All contributions to help us keep going will be acknowledged and gratefully received. If you have any suggestions or comments please feel free to contact us on [email protected] [email protected] is our academic PA Margaret Anderson who looks after the editing and production of these podcasts. Many thanks to our indispensable Margaret!  

Also includes the anatomy of the anterior mediastinum   The next podcast is on the Anatomy of the Heart   Please make any contributions at:   https://patron.podbean.com/ANATOPOD Please also contact us at our work office with suggestions or for notes at [email protected]     Best Wishes and enjoy youyr anatomy   Andrew

AT4 - The Anatomy of the Mediastinum and the Diaphragm   This podcast subdivides the mediastinum explaining the clinical reasons behind such categorization. The anatomy and embryology of the diaphragm is discussed along with the genetics of congenital diaphragmatic hernia.   The next podcast will consider the anatomy of the lungs, pleura and bronchopulmonary segments.   Please feel free to contribute via patron at:   https://patron.podbean.com/ANATOPOD     So that we can continue this important podcast series.   Most appreciated   Best Wishes   Andrew

In this podcast I examine the osteology of the thoracic cage and the anatomical features governing thoracotomy and minimally invasive thoracoscopic surgery. It is a grab-bag of extra areas not often covered in anatomy courses.   The next podcast will include the mediastinum, the lungs, pleura and bronchomediastinal segments.   Please make a contribution to our Patron system at:   https://patron.podbean.com/ANATOPOD     so that we can continue this work.Any contribution (if you have appreciated this work) is greatly appreciated.   Please let me know any suggestions and additional podcasts you would like by contacting our PA Mrs Margaret Anderson on [email protected]     Thanks so much for listening and your support in this important project to get out onto the internet a high postgraduate level of clinical and surgical anatomy of the entire body.   Music Martha Argerich Bach Partita C minor.  

An explanation of the history of developing a curriculum on how to examine a corpse.   If you ever wanted to know how we came to form the mechanisms and order of dissection, then this podcast is for you!   Next time we will examine how dissection came to be illustrated in Art and Anatomy Part 2 -"Picturing Bodies".   Please feel free to contribute to our project so that we can continue these podcasts by visiting:   https://patron.podbean.com/ANATOPOD     Thanks so much for your help and I will catch you on the next podcast!   Music: If the Light Fades by Birds of Norway Soundstream approved and licensed for use in public content  

THE ANATOMY OF THE THORACIC WALL AT2   In this podcast I discuss the anatomy of the thoracic wall, its musculature and the intercostal space as well as approaches to the intercostal nerve and its blockade.   Next time we will consider thoracotomy approaches, the thoracic apertures, suprapleural membrane, diaphragm and its embryology (as well as the anatomy of congenital diaphragmatic hernia) and the relevant osteology (thoracic vertebrae, ribs, sternum). If you would like to help these productions please check out our patron (not patreon) site at:   https://patron.podbean.com/ANATOPOD   and make a contribution. All gratefully acknowledged as it will help us to expand these podcasts over the next year. Vade mecum books (pocketbooks) are being produced of these podcasts and it is hoped that the first of these will be available towards the end of 2024.   See you on the next podcast   AZ

The Anatomy of the Thorax – AT1 - An Introduction   A simple introduction to our new area of study, the anatomy of the thorax. A brief consideration of the embryological setup for the passage of intercostal and thoracoabdominal nerves and the intercostal neurovascular bundle structure.   In the next podcast I will discuss the thoracic wall and joints as well as the anatomical approaches in thoracotomy.   If you like these podcasts on anatomy, please support us at:   https://patron.podbean.com/ANATOPOD     We will continue to bring anatomy in a new and clinically contextual way. I am now glad to report that ANATOPOD is reaching 120 Countries and I thank you all for your support and recommendations.

This podcast introduces the covenant between anatomist and artist in the dissection of the corpse. The next 3 talks introduce this interaction in the method of dissecting a corpse (How to Open a Body), the illustration if anatomy and the museum and gallery exhibition of bodies.   Lecture 1 How to Open a Body Lecture 2 How to Picture a Body Lecture 3 How to Exhibit a Body   Music: Birds of Norway If the Light Fades Approved by Soundstream   If you enjoy these podcasts please support us on https://patron.podbean.com/ANATOPOD   Most grateful Please let us know your feedvback on this subject and I hope it is something you enjoy   Andrew

ALL 11 Lower Limb Quiz (2)   Here is an additional lower limb quiz for you.   Try and figure out why the answer(s) is (are) correct or false and ask yourself, what do I know about this subject and why is it important clinically?   Don’t worry! All is explained for you so that by the time you have gone through all the podcasts on the lower limb you should pretty well understand it all and recall it.   We will be creating a vade mecum (pocket book) print version book on each of the regions of the body with their separate units and quizzes along with simple schematic drawings that you can copy and practice all of which will help you understand and retain your anatomy much more easily.   There is a small hiatus now before we gear up for the anatomy of the thorax.

A little diversion this month on the defining Medieval principle of humanity and monsters.   Music provided by Soundstripe Price to Pay (Instrumental) by Kevin Graham   If you like these diversions in anatomy please feel free to contribute at   https://patron.podbean.com/ANATOPOD     Next time I am going into a 3 lecture series of Anatomy and Art     In the meantime always enjoy your anatomy!

ALL 10 The Lower Limb Quiz   Includes 20 MCQ’s and short essay questions   I will do a short 10 question Lower Limb Quiz and then we shall move on to the Anatomy of the Thorax   Please continue to contribute at   https://patron.podbean.com/ANATOPOD   If you like this series and wish to assist us to continue producing fine anatomy podcasts.   We appreciate all the feedback and are honoured that this is becoming one of the most popular podcasts on Anatomy in the world. We could not do it without your continued support and suggestions for which I am always most grateful   Until next time continue enjoying your anatomy   Andrew

A continuation of the theme of upper and lower limb homology in anatomy. This podcast summarizes what we know about the development and the neurovascular and muscular similarities in the anatomy of the limbs. I hope this teaching technique makes learning the practical anatomy of the limbs so much easier. I know that anatomy is not often considered in this manner but you will see that it rationalizes a lot of anatomy making it understandable, predictable and readily recalled. It is also useful for clinical examination and management.   Consider supporting us so that we can continue this important teaching work on   https://patron.podbean.com/ANATOPOD   Thanks so much for your interest and support and above all enjoy your anatomy!   Music by Martha Argerich Bach Cantata  

Who Killed Wirsung   This is the first of the episodes of The Anatomy Cupboard for 2023   Not so much a who-dunnit as a who was he!   If you like these podcasts please make a contribution at   https://patron.podbean.com/ANATOPOD It will help us to produce more and to do some research!   Music by Alice in Winter  Hold This Place (Instrumental provided by Soundstripe)

ALL 8 The Anatomy of the Sole of the Foot   This podcast includes anatomic study of the sole of the foot as it pertains to the management of complex foot sepsis and trauma. The podcast uniquely discusses the biomechanics of foot stability from our knowledge of anatomy.   Please continue to support us at   https://patron.podbean.com/ANATOPOD     I will be doing a neurological summary of the lower limb and then a Lower Limb Quiz   Cheers,   Andrew

ALL6 The Anatomy of the Leg   This includes the extensor compartment, the peroneal compartment and the superficial and deep flexor compartments.   The homology with the upper limb is discussed along with the compartmental nerves and the relevance for the clinical anatomy in a lower limb fasciotomy and required to perform a below knee amputation.   If you feel like contributing please do so at : https://patron.podbean.com/ANATOPOD     This year I am shifting to a subscriber based website given the high level of interest in this format of anatomy teaching.   Appreciate all the support.   Music: Margaret Argerich Bach Partita /Capriccio

  ALL 5 THE ANATOMY OF THE LOWER LIMB includes:   Anatomy of the Back of the Thigh   The Anatomy and Stability of the Patellofemoral Joint   Popliteal Fossa   The Anatomy and Biomechanics of the Knee including the ligaments, menisci and cruciate ligaments   Blood supply and practical aspects of Innervation and knee block   Assessing knee instability   The anatomy of Knee Arthroscopy     If you like these podcasts please visit: https://patron.podbean.com/ANATOPOD So that I can expand this into a website built around the ANATOPOD podcast but also the History of Anatomy podcast and The Anatomy Cupboard podcast on historical anatomical vignettes (the latter continuing as Episode 11 in 2023).  

On the 1699 book by Edward Tyson (1651-1708) the Anatomy of an Ourang-Outang (Sive Homo Sylvestris) and the notion of the anatomical development of humans and their distinction from other primates.     And much much more….   Soundstripe released music: Kevin Graham Price to Pay instrumental   Please visit https://patron.podbean.com/ANATOPOD   And make a contribution. We are moving to a subscriber website in 2023 and appreciate your support and suggestions.   The Anatomy Cupboard will pick up again in February 2023

This podcast considers the anatomy and formation of the innominate (Hip) bone and then the surgical anatomy and approaches to the hip joint and its anatomy.   The next podcast will include the back of the thigh, the patellofemoral joint and patella and the knee.   Music by Margaret Argerich. Bach Partita in C Minor Capriccio   Please contribute to our cause to create a dedicated website by visiting:   https://patron.podbean.com/ANATOPOD   As always enjoy your anatomy. Do contact me on the Facebook site if you wish more detail on the surgical approaches to the hip joint.

In this episode of The Anatomy Cupboard I explain why Charles Darwin left the esteemed Edinburgh Medical School in 1827. Without running into a number of other lapsed medicos he might well not have gone on his journey on The Beagle or even had an interest kindled in the science of evolution.   Music permitted by Soundstripe Enoch Yang The Dying Swan Instrumental   If you feel inclined please visit to contribute at: https://patron.podbean.com/ANATOPOD It is much appreciated in our attempt to expand this service as a comprehensive website including the different podcasts, text blogs and availability of texts of the podcasts, practice exams, cheat sheets, lecture series on Art and Anatomy and on the History of Dissection and much much more….. In the meantime continue to enjoy your anatomy Very Best Andrew  

In this podcast there is further consideration of lower and upper limb homology. The quadriceps, adductor and gluteal regions are considered. The discussion of the piriformis and obturator internus muscles will overlap with the podcast of the pelvis (2023). I am in the process of converting this site into a subscriber website with anatomy, history of anatomy and The Anatomy Cupboard as separate podcasts. The site will include a lecture series on Anatomy and Art and on the History of Dissection as well as study cheat sheets and practice examinations. It is hoped that this site will be opened in the first part of 2023. In the meantime if you can contribute please do so to assist us in this endeavour at https://patron.podbean.com/ANATOPOD Thanks so much and continue to enjoy your anatomy

Included is the anatomy of the femoral triangle and its contents Saphenofemoral ligation and the anatomy of the saphenofemoral junction The anatomy of the fascia lata The Femoral artery/femoral vein and femoral nerve and femoral canal. The anatomy of the inguinal lymph nodes     If you like this podcast please visit https://patron.podbean.com/ANATOPOD And make a contribution so that we can continue this important service   Martha Argerich plays Bach Partita in C Minor, BWV 826, Capriccio   We are most grateful and please continue to enjoy your anatomy  

Homage to Professor Larkin, this episode discusses a little about the history of diseases of the oesophagus and of the story of Boerhaave’s syndrome.   Please visit https://patron.podbean.com/ANATOPOD To make a contribution if you like this podcast and do let me know what topics you may wish covered in this section on the history of anatomy.   Music: Permitted by Soundstripe: Kevin Graham – Price to Pay  

Anatomy of the Lower Limb ALL 1 An Overview Homology with the Upper Limb (plus the osteology of the Femur)   In this podcast, the first of the lower limb I discuss the homology between the 2 limbs and we have time at the end to go over the osteology of the femur. As I do the last part if you can take out a femur and go over the points as we discuss each area separately.   Music Martha Argerich Bach Partita in C Minor (including Capriccio)   Don’t forget if you can to contribute to our growing group at https://patron.podbean.com/ANATOPOD So that we can expand this important podcast service. I very much appreciate all your feedback and we hope to make this the best podcast for anatomy teaching around.   The next one in this series is on the femoral triangle. There will be soon the August episode (Number 8) of The Anatomy Cupboard!     In the meantime please continue to enjoy your anatomy.   Andrew  

This episode’s topic is: Do I Have Taphophobia?   … the fear of being buried alive!!   Music: Supplied by Soundstripe Chelsea McGough – Reminiscence   If you like this podcast please visit: https://patron.podbean.com/ANATOPOD and become a patron!   All greatly appreciated to expand our channel in a professional recording studio and all gratefully acknowledged.. a copy of a History of Anatomy Book sent to monthly contributors of $10 or more! Your choice of The Book of the Cadaver (500 pp) or Syphilis – A Biography (150 pp). Both books sent to monthly contributors of 20$ or more..

Here are 20 questions for you as multiple choice on the anatomy of the Upper Limb… see if you can pause the podcast and figure out the answers but also why the answer is either correct or incorrect…i.e. the anatomy behind the question   Distinction is 90% or more!   Good Luck!   I will see you in a couple of weeks for the Anatomy of the Lower Limb… need a break for a little while to prepare!!     In the meantime if you like these podcast teaching episodes…please visit https://www.patron.podbean.com/ANATOPOD and become a patron. It will greatly help us to continue with this important work.

ANATOMY OF THE CARPUS /NEUROLOGICAL OVERVIEW RECAP   Next week is the Upper Limb Quiz with answers   Please feel free to contribute at https://patron.podbean.com/ANATOPOD so that we can continue our services and expand. All gratefully acknowledged.   Above all enjoy your anatomy!   Music: Beethoven Moonlight Sonata III (Presto Agitato) played by the Ukrainian pianist Valentina Lisitsa.   This podcast episode will disappear in 2 weeks from the date of posting and from general availability. It will only be available after this time to patrons. So why not become a patron!

Including the story of the tragic Pollard case and the horror of Georgian and Victorian infirmaries…..the great surgeons were the quickest, the average time for cutting the stone about one minute. The surgeon Robert Liston performed an amputation of someone’s leg in 28 seconds amputating not only the limb but also 3 of his assistant’s fingers in the process. The patient and the assistant died of sepsis 5 days later as did someone in the audience from a heart attack. It was the most mortal procedure ever performed! Please download this podcast episode within 2 weeks as it will only be available to patrons after this time. So why not become a patron! If you like this podcast please visit https://patron.podbean.com/ANATOPOD And make a contribution. This is greatly appreciated and will be acknowledged to improve our podcast services.   Music: Azure Instrument by Alice in Winter  Licensed by Soundstripe.  

AUL 9 Anatomy of the Upper Limb 9   The anatomical structure of the hand and its layers with comparisons with the sole. Flexor retinaculum and Carpal Tunnel Syndrome Anatomy of the Median and Ulnar nerve Dorsum of the hand Fibrous flexor sheaths and synovial sheaths Superficial and deep palmar vascular arches Palmar spaces and palmar space infections   Differences in neurology between the hand and foot If you enjoyed this podcast please assist us with contributions at https://patron.podbean.com/ANATOPOD All greatly appreciated and acknowledged   Please download this podcast as soon as practicable as it will disappear after one month from the public site and will only be available to patrons!! If you are a patron you will receive a notice and will be able to access it.   Next podcast is on the Carpus with an overview of the upper limb neurology. Then a podcast with an Upper Limb Quiz!!   Above all please enjoy your anatomy.     Andrew  

I attach the remix to the first introduction of ANATOPOD – the anatomy podcast designed to teach anatomy well   I think 18 months after the launch of ANATOPOD, the imperative and the philosophy behind teaching anatomy as well as we possibly can is as strong and as resolute as ever. I am committed to reintroducing anatomy as a relevant subject that can be recalled in a simpler way and that is contextualized for practising surgeons and clinicians.   ANATOPOD is now in 80 countries so there is a clear need.   Please visit ANATOPOD podcasts and enjoy. If you like history then there is much to hear in the history of anatomy podcasts and in The Anatomy Cupboard (vignettes of the anatomists’ lives).   If you like these podcasts please visit  https://patron.podbean.com/ANATOPOD and make a contribution to ensure we can expand and improve the productions and move towards an audiovisual channel.   Very Best   Andrew Zbar Past Professor of Surgery Snr University Tutor in Anatomy   Music: Theme of Rumpole of the Bailey Comp: Joseph Horovitz.

AUL 8 The Anatomy of the Forearm including the Extensor Compartment   Included the osteology of the radius and ulna.   The next podcast is on the anatomy of the wrist and the hand.   Musical interlude: Symphony No. 40 in G Minor by Wolfgang A Mozart.   Please visit https://patron.podbean.com/ANATOPOD If you like this podcast to support our project to improve and expand the service.   Above all continue to enjoy your anatomy and let me know how we can improve these podcasts!   Best Wishes   Andrew

Music by Markus Huber Hope For Tomorrow Licensed for use by Soundstripe.   If you like these podcasts please visit https://patron.podbean.com/ANATOPOD to make a contribution so that we can expand our equipment and convert to an audiovisual anatomy teaching channel. All contributions greatly appreciated and acknowledged.     Please continue to enjoy your anatomy! Best Andrew

AUL 7    The anatomy of the flexor aspect of the arm and the cubital fossa is considered. I discuss the homologous setup of the musculature between the forearm and the leg.   Part 2 will complete the neurovascular aspects and then move to the extensor compartment.   If you can contribute please visit https://patron.podbean.com/ANATOPOD   Most grateful and continue to enjoy your anatomy!   (Music: The Second Waltz by Dmitri Shostakovich)  

This podcast is AUL (Anatomy of the Upper Limb) No. 6   The Anatomy of the Arm   This podcast discusses the anatomy of the anterior and posterior compartments of the arm along with the structure of the elbow and proximal radioulnar joints.   Music interlude: Brahms Symphony No. 3 (Allegretto)   The next podcast is on the flexor aspect of the forearm and the osteology of the radius.   If you like this podcast please assist us to improve their quality by contributing on https://patron.podbean.com/ANATOPOD   All contributions greatly appreciated and acknowledged.   In the meantime please enjoy your anatomy.   Best Wishes   Andrew

Including the Acromioclavicular and sternoclavicular joints and operative approaches to the shoulder based upon the surgical anatomy.   If you like this podcast please visit our donation site at https://patron.podbean.com/ANATOPOD   All contributions gratefully accepted and acknowledged.   Above all enjoy your anatomy.   Next podcast on the anatomy of the arm and the elbow and superior radioulnar joints.     Music: The Surprise Symphony (No. 94) by Haydn - by the way Haydn was a good friend of John Hunter (and his wife Anne who used to write the canzonets to Haydn’s music on occasion).    

Episode 4 of the Anatomy Cupboard Instrumental music by Joshua Spacht Frederic Chopin Prelude in B Minor   Licensed by Soundstripe   If you like this podcast please visit https://patron.podbean.com/ANATOPOD   Contributions greatly appreciated and acknowledged.  Best Andrew

Anatomy as an historical subject is largely the anatomy of men. Women as Biblically derivative should therefore according to this view be subservient and essentially incomplete. But that is not to decry the fact that they were special cases, ex ordine creations from men, born of Adam’s flesh and not of dust but themselves capable of bearing God. Theology struggled with this position of women who might have come into being praeter naturam (outside of Nature) man engaging in this theological twist in intercourse then with some version of himself. It was decided that anatomists should put aside such theological nonsense and focus on their objective findings on dissection.   The Renaissance notion of women then was that (the uterus excepted) they were merely inverted males and one could seek their homologous reproductive machinery through dissection of structures that resembled the penis, the scrotum and the testes. Even Michel de Montaigne (1522-92) in his De la force l’imagination believed that it was possible for little girls to turn into little boys by simply jumping up and down hard enough! Only the uterus (even l’utero pensante – the thinking uterus) left women prey to a gamut of incurable diseases that I was taught about as a medical student in the 1970’s; the hysterias, the globus hystericus, the wandering uterus and the like. This anatomy is an anatomy of gender difference even as we live in a society where gender and the full vitality of its expression is no longer required to conform to one’s biologic sex.   I hope you like this provocative podcast and the history of the anatomy of gender. Perhaps you can contribute to our ongoing project to expand and upgrade ANATOPOD by giving what you can at https://www.patron.podbean.com/ANATOPOD   It is most appreciated and as always enjoy your anatomy!   Best Wishes   Andrew

The anatomy of the brachial plexus with an emphasis on brachial plexus injury anatomy   The first minute is the musical intro so stick with it, it is worth it Frederic Chopin Fantaisie Impromptu in C Sharp Minor (Op.66) played by Daniil Trifonov   If you like this podcast please click on https://www.patron.podbean.com/ANATOPOD And contribute to our crowdfunding improving the quality of these podcasts and converting to an audiovisual channel.   All contributions greatly appreciated and acknowledged.    

Discussion of the boundaries and contents of the axilla and the anatomical aspects of performing an axillary lymphadenectomy and the basic and vascular anatomy of the breast   We are grateful for your support at https://www.patron.podbean.com/ANATOPOD   The next podcast is on the anatomy of the Brachial Plexus     Music: Tschaikowsky PI. The Waltz of the Flowers a harp arrangement by Silke Aichhorn

Another Tale from the Top Shelf   The curious case of Dr. Martin van Butchell and of the mysterious Sheldon body.   Music licensed through Soundstripe   Alice in Winter : Camargue -instrumental

Discussion of the basic structure of thoracohumeral musculature and consideration of the Group 1 axio (vertebro-) scapular muscles: Trapezius, Pectoralis Minor, Levator Scapulae, Subclavius, Serratus Anterior, Rhomboids (major and minor) and the Group 3 thoracohumeral guy ropes Pectoralis Major and Latissimus Dorsi.   Anatomy and ossification of the scapula.   Please assist us with our crowdfunding to convert ANATOPOD into an audiovisual channel and to obtain better recording equipment and professional studio time.   Visit http://www.patron.podbean.com/ANATOPOD   Most grateful and above all…..always enjoy your anatomy!

We begin 2022 with a discussion of the anatomy of the upper limb.   This podcast outlines how I will consider the anatomy of the upper limb and also some of the developmental and structural homology of the neurovascular arrangement of the upper and lower limbs.   At the end is a discussion of the osteology and ossification of the clavicle   Please help us with a patreon contribution at   https://patron.podbean.com/ANATOPOD   You can just copy this link into your browser and we are most appreciative!!! Please let me know any podcast subject you wish me to do by our Meta site ANATOPOD.

The story of John Hunter who sought the bones of the giant Charles Byrne.   Music licensed by Soundstripe Winter in Fargo, instrumental by Alice in Winter   These vignettes from the history of anatomy are unique stories that will appear initially once a month and later in 2022 fortnightly.   I hope you enjoy them   If you are able please become a Patron member of ANATOPOD.. you can pledge as much as you like at:   https://patron.podbean.com/ANATOPOD   It is all greatly appreciated and will assist in our crowdfunding for better equipment and professional studio time. 

This podcast discusses the BodyWorlds exhibits of Guenther von Hagens who has channelled the old 18thC impresarios of anatomical dioramas. Von Hagens has laid a new narrative of death that has insinuated the human body (in this case the plastinated body) into the public museums but not without considerable ethical controversy. It is perhaps no accident that Germany with its dark history has proved the most popular country for von Hagens’ shows. These too have spawned much of a reinvigoration of body art which also channels the movement led by Yoko Ono in the 1960’s, that morphed into the Young British Art movement stratospherically manipulated by Damien Hirst and that has produced the anatomical hyper-realism of the Australian sculptors Ron Mueck and Patricia Piccinini. At last, sculpture has come full circle to challenge the visual supremacy of painting as the finest representation of the human form.   Please consider assisting us in upgrading ANATOPOD with recording in a professional studio and in acquiring new recording equipment.   You can contribute monthly as much as you wish by visiting: https://patron.podbean.com/ANATOPOD   I am most grateful for any contrivution to improve this important teaching podcast. Thankyou amd please enjoy your anatomy Andrew   Music J.S.Bach：Choralvorspiel "Wachet auf, ruft uns die Stimme" (Awake! We are being Called!) Arranged by Wilhelm Kempff and played by Matsumoto Nozomi  

This is the 4th and final Head and Neck Quiz   Please if you can contribute as a Patron on: https://patron.podbean.com/ANATOPOD   We appreciate your support to improve the quality of these podcasts (with sound recording in a professional studio and for equipment) and in creation of specific vodcasts and interview casts.   Thanks so much. This year I will complete the History of Anatomy section and then it is on to the Upper Limb!   Enjoy your anatomy!   Andrew

Introducing a new segment of ANATOPOD –   These vignettes from the history of anatomy are unique stories that will appear initially once a month and later in 2022 fortnightly.   I hope you enjoy them   If you are able please become a Patron member of ANATOPOD.. you can pledge as much as you like at:   https://patron.podbean.com/ANATOPOD   It is all greatly appreciated and will assist in our crowdfunding for better equipment and professional studio time as well as to convert ANATOPOD into an audiovisual teaching channel   As a Patron please let me known on our facebook site what subjects you wish covered (in anatomy or its history) and I will do it   Please enjoy your anatomy!   Best Wishes   Andrew   Music Departure  - Alice in Winter Licensed for use by Soundstripe

Well, on the first anniversary of launching ANATOPOD, it seems sensible to re-examine our goals.   I am heartened by the fact that there have been so many downloads across the world and not only that ANATOPOD is listened to in Australia, the United States, the United Kingdom, Israel and India but also in Uganda, the Democratic Republic of the Congo, Moldova, Estonia, Poland, Uruguay, the Czech Republic, Iran, Jamaica, Sudan, Taiwan and Morocco. We have learned too what is important and for many of you it has been the osteology of the skull and its foraminae but also the fasciae and triangles of the neck, the prevertebral musculature and structure of the cervical plexus, the autonomic nervous system of the head and neck and the central relay stations of the brainstem and cranial nerves.   There is another Head and Neck Quiz (Number 4) coming up and then we shall move on to the anatomy of the upper limb in detail.   But I wish in this re-examination to invite our listeners and followers after a year to support us if you can through Podbean patreon contributing as much as you wish on a monthly basis so that I can get some better equipment and move ANATOPOD into a professional studio.   You can SUPPORT ANATOPOD at https://patron.podbean.com/ANATOPOD   Simple really. Once there pledge as much as you wish. I am most grateful for your contribution (and if you don’t wish to contribute that is perfectly fine too as ANATOPOD will still continue posting, there are NO premium sections in this podcast!).   So for the price of a cup of coffee (1-5$ a month) you are an ANATOPOD Affiliate and I will give you a shout out on the next podcast and on our monthly honour roll.   For $10 a month you become an ANATOPOD Guardian Angel and you can let me know what special topic you wish done as a podcast and I will do it. Anatomy, History of Anatomy, whatever you wish!   For 15$ (or more) a month you are an ANATOPOD Templar and I will send you an e-copy of my book The Figurative Life of the Cadaver on the history of dissection and also a copy of my upcoming book as a draft on the social impact of infectious disease.   Soon to be launched on this site too are the anecdotal stories of anatomy in The Anatomy Cupboard – Tales for the Top Shelf. These vignettes will appear once a month and I am sure you will enjoy them.   Thanks again for your support and for listening!     Best Andrew   (Just let me know your views on our FB site ANATOPOD)    

This podcast traces the beginnings of X-rays as the new objective medium to demonstrate the interior of the body, its latest transparency that has given way to the ultrasound, the CAT scan, the MRI and the PET scan. With each there had been a rapid public acceptance but also a social expectation of use that has seen the more complex machinery devolve into more peripheral environments somewhat at the expense of the trusted clinical examination of the patient first defined in its exactness by Boerhaave and Bichat and by Laennec’ s invention of the stethoscope.   Photography in replacing the anatomical artist relied on its unmodified precision but the newer radiological imagery depends for accuracy on post-processing of the image (its own photoshop if you will). Society is inundated with the radiological imagery of humans just as much as the leading protagonist of Thomas Mann’s The Magic Mountain, young Hans Castorp carried around the picture of his love Claudia Chauchat. In the Davos Tuberculosis sanitorium where he spent 4 years carried close to his heart was not her photograph but rather a copy of her Chest X-ray.   Featured Martha Argerich playing the Capriccio Partita in C Minor by J.S. Bach

This is the 3rd Head and Neck Quiz The first part of the podcast includes the questions followed by a little thinking music (Schumann's Traumerei, Kinderschenen No. 7 Scenes from Childhood) after which are the answers and their explanation. Good Luck! [The main theme music is Grieg's Piano Concerto in A Minor (Op 16)]  

By 1858 Henry Gray (1826-1861) and his illustrator Henry Vandyke Carter (1831-1897) got together and designed Gray’s Anatomy: Descriptive and Surgical. The illustrations eschewed the use of Baroque and complex imagery and made the pictures schematic and precise with in situ labelling of structures without complicated arrows and proxy labels. Very soon the book became the most famous and popular text on anatomy on both sides of the Atlantic and it has been in print ever since. Gray’s became iconic not only over its textual style but over the Carter imagery which in the latest incarnations has now been abandoned. The new Gray’s under Susan Standring is a mix of gross anatomy, microscopic histology, pathology, molecular biology, 3D CGI imagery and CR-ROMS. As a result, Gray’s IS Anatomy.   But so little is known about Gray himself as he died from smallpox at the age of 34.   This podcast considers the formation of Gray’s book and the immediate aftermath following his death.

I continue with the trans-Atlantic story of the traffic of dissectable corpses, beginning with the notorious Burke and Hare scandal in England. This was soon followed by the Bishop and Williams scare which galvanized the Utilitarian Anatomy Act of 1832 proposed by Henry Warburton MP. But the Act transferred the burden of dissection onto those who died in the infirmaries, the workhouses, the almshouses and the asylums without body claim. All it did was to transfer that onus onto the indigent effectively criminalizing poverty. Nevertheless the trade of the resurrection men (and their American equivalent, the sack-‘em-up men) disappeared and were replaced by State-sanctioned Anatomy Inspectorates. In amongst this I discuss the tragic case of the Lewes farmer Stephen Pollard who was killed in a negligent operation for cutting the stone. The idea that an exposure by the surgeons to more bodies might somehow result in an improvement in patient care in the infirmaries was more aspirational than real. Significant improvements would have to await the advantages of anaesthesia and antisepsis and the Anatomy Act for the moment had little impact on the terrible in-hospital mortality and carnage.    

Second Head and Neck Quiz Musical Interlude  Frederic Chopin Ballad No 1 in G minor Opus 23   Answers in Detail

This podcast defines the structure of the laryngeal skeleton comprising its cartilages, joints, ligaments and membranes along with the anatomy of the cavity of the larynx and the laryngeal musculature (intrinsic and extrinsic).   Next week we will complete the Head and Neck Anatomy with the 2nd H&N Quiz and then the answers in detail.   After a small hiatus I will move on to the anatomy of the upper limb.

This podcast describes the 1752 Murder Act in England and its equivalent in America along with the tough equation of body access for the dissectors: the problem of supply and demand. With its hanging tree at Tyburn London became what the historian Alexander Andrews called “a city of gallows” just as much as Paris was marked a generation on through its Guillotine as a place of mechanistic cruelty. The terrible state of the London infirmary is discussed and I introduce the founder of The Lancet magazine (and purported champion of the people) Thomas Wakley (1795-1862). The response to dissection by the families of those condemned for execution was a series of rag tag riots loosely called the Tyburn riots but they had their equivalent across the Atlantic, the Doctor’s Riot of New York (1788) which began just 4 months after the American Revolutionary War. Meanwhile in England, a Parliamentary Select Committee was established in 1828 for the purpose of creating a new Utilitarian Anatomy Act but all this would do would be to transfer the burden of dissection from the murderers to those dying in the workhouses and the almshouses. In effect the new legislation, even if enacted with the best of intentions, had effectively criminalized poverty.  

This podcast discusses the basic layered structural anatomy of the pharynx revisiting its attachment to the skull base and including the anatomical description of the 3 constrictor muscles (superior, middle and inferior - thyro- and cricopharyngeus) and the internal pharyngeal muscles (the salpingopharyngeus, the stylopharyngeus and the palatopharyngeus). The vascular, neural and lymphatic anatomy is considered.   The next podcast is on the anatomy of the larynx.

This is a continuation from Part 1 which placed the Hunters in their aristocratic milieu. In this podcast I discuss the different nature of the Hunterian collections as reflected by the differing personalities of William and John Hunter. The latter part of the podcast discusses the two other dissecting brothers John Bell and his younger brother Sir Charles.

This podcast discusses the boundaries of the mouth and the musculature of the soft palate (tensor palati, levator palati, musculus uvulae, palatoglossus and palatopharyngeus). Includes tonsillar anatomy. The anatomy of dentition is discussed. Includes the anatomy of the tongue (papillae, extrinsic and intrinsic musculature, blood supply, lymphatics and innervation) Basic assessment of facial embryology as it pertains to cleft lip and palate. Basic osteology of the mandible and mandibular fracture classifications.  

In this podcast I introduce the Hunter brothers in their social and aristocratic milieu. The beginnings of the Great Windmill Street School of Anatomy and the availability of the Parisian method of dissection is mentioned as is William’s great book The Human Gravid Uterus published in 1774 with spectacular images by Jan van Rymsdyk.  John Hunter’s obsession with obtaining the body of the giant Charles O’Byrne is elucidated. Part 2 of this episode discusses the two competing Hunterian museums and the developing rift between these two men as well as the contrasting lives of two other brother anatomists, John and Sir Charles Bell.

In the same way that one may think of the 16th Century as the century of dissection, so too could the 18th Century be considered the age of the museum. The anatomists along with the apothecaries and the aristocracy were establishing their mobile collections that would devolve from the Schätzkammern (the Chambers of Power) into individual anatomical collections of curiosities. These Wunderkammern (Chambers of Wonder) and Kunstschranks (Art Cupboards) included the full range of congenital malformations and foetal monstrosities on open display and were the world famous private collections of the great embalmers like Ruysch and Honoré Fragonard (1732-1799). It was these that influenced the directors of the British Museum and London’s Natural History Museum to consciously decide not to exhibit deformities but rather to use the museum space as a narrative for the new Darwinian story of evolution.   This podcast discusses the ethos of these dioramas, Ruysch imbued with an ascetic religious determination to use anatomy as a sanitized tableau that glorified God. Fragonard on the other hand displayed in his hide-tanned écorchés the shocking brutality of cadaveric dissection. Perhaps none were more beautiful, however, than the wax models of dissected corpses particularly those made by Clemente Susini (1752-1814) in Florence and which have made their way to Cagliari, Pavia and Vienna. Susini came from a long line of wax modelers whose rivalry made the name of Bologna and Florence. Bologna was advanced by the husband and wife team of Giovanni Manzolini (1700-1755) and Anna Morandi Manzolini (1714-1774) and had the unique backing of Bologna’s Bishop Prospero Lambertini (1675-1758) who later as Pope Benedict XIV advanced the cause of anatomy with the complete backing of Papal authority.   As the explorers brought back the skulls and skeletons of the New World, anatomy perverted its craniometric measurements to advance a misguided theory of racial difference and development that promoted a Caucasian ideal. The collections of these bones from the desecration of tribal graves and burial grounds are still the subject of dispute over repatriation and return.  For many, behind all the intellectual discussion there was an underlying desire to separate those noble savages whom the anatomists deemed sufficiently human that they might be converted to the Catholic faith from those subhumans destined for enslavement.        Intro and Outro music is Dvorak A. The ‘American’ String Quartet No. 12 in F Major (Opus 96).

Consideration of the osteology of the nose (a recap of a prior podcast) with discussion of the conchae, the nasal septum and the quadrantic approach towards the blood and nerve supply of the lateral nose and the septum (Kiesselbach’s plexus/Little’s area), The blood and nerve supply and the lymphatic drainage of the paranasal sinuses are discussed.

In this podcast I assess the bony orbit and its components as well as the eyelids and the nasolacrimal apparatus. Next, aspects of eye stability and then the structure of the eye and the retina. The anatomy of the extraocular muscles and their specific movements are considered as is the explanation of individual ocular palsies based on that anatomical information. There is a summary of the nerves and vessels of the orbit. For revision purposes, this podcast should be studied in association with AHN 4 : the Autonomic Nervous System of the Head and Neck.  

In this podcast the embalming skills of Frederik Ruysch (1638-1731) are showcased. In an age where dissection was still an ephemeral event those like Ruysch and his contemporary rivals Jan von Swammerdam (1637-1680) and Louis de Bils (1624-1670) were highly prized. Ruysch went on to lead the Amsterdamer anatomy school and botany department for the next 65 years and was so renowned that when Sir Isaac Newton (1642-1727) died, Rusych took his place at the French Académie des Sciences.   Ruysch was a great dissector but he became equally famous for his little morality play dioramas that were made from the detritus remains of stillborn babies. Each would intone the observer to revere God and to remember the pettiness of possessions and the fleeting nature of existence. His collection known as his Wunderkammer (Chamber of Wonders) might have rivalled nearby freak shows but was sold to Tsar Peter the Great (1672-1725) in its entirety with the Russian leader displaying the specimens in the Kunstkamera on Vasilyevsky Island in St. Petersburg where it can be found today. 

There is discussion of the superficial and deep cerebral venous systems, one draining the cerebral hemispheres and the other more constant draining the basal ganglia and thalamus. The formation and tributaries of the internal jugular vein is discussed. Then the basic anatomy of the dural venous sinuses including details of the superior and inferior sagittal, transverse, straight, tentorial, sigmoid, occipital, basilar, superior and inferior petrosal sinuses as well as separate considerations of the design of the cerebral venous drainage. The input and output channels of the cavernous sinus is included. The vertebral venous plexi, emissary veins and the CSF dynamics and anatomy of drainage are considered.

This podcast takes off after the first part (discussing the economic and political conditions of the Dutch provinces in the 17th Century) and considers the Anatomy Lesson paintings that are curated in Amsterdam. Two evocative portraits The Anatomy Lesson of Dr. Nicolaes Tulp and The Anatomy Lesson of Dr. Jan Deijman executed by Rembrandt are examined on the background of his bankruptcy and the death of his beloved wife Saskia at the tender age of 30 from Tuberculosis. These paintings continued to be produced despite the charges against the Amsterdam Guild of Surgeons of corruption which resulted in its eventual disbandment.

This is the same as the last podcast but has intro and outro music in the remix! One of my favourite short pieces composed by Joseph Horovitz for the BBC series Rumpole of the Bailey (written by Sir John Mortimer).

AHN 8. Consideration of the carotid sheath (revised) and the external carotid artery (ECA) and its individual branches, the internal carotid artery (ICA) in the neck, the component parts of the vertebral artery, the basilar artery and the Circle of Willis  (anatomical and functional aspects). The significance of archetypal ECA anastomoses (maxillofacial and faciopharyngeal) are mentioned. The next podcast is on the venous anatomy of the head and neck (including the dural venous sinuses and emissary veins).

In this first of two podcasts I set the political and economic scene of the Netherlands as it emerged from the 80 Years War with Spain. In the period between 1600 and 1700 over one million paintings were commissioned and some of these included the so-called Anatomy Lesson Paintings of Northern Holland showing the Praelector Anatomiae (today’s equivalent of a City Chief Medical Officer or a Crown Coroner) teaching aspects of cadaveric dissection on a subject anatomicum. The genre of painting placed the surgeons and anatomists on par with the burghers and civic guardsmen who commissioned their collective portraits for posterity, attracting the likes of great painters like Rembrandt.

ANSWERS, DISCUSSION AND EXPLANATION TO THE HEAD AND NECK QUIZ (No.1).

This podcast explains the debate in the dissecting halls during the Renaissance and beyond between Galenists and Cartesians. William Harvey (1578-1657) had developed his new experimentation as the methodology of science. Afterwards anatomy (like physics, astronomy and chemistry) needed to leave the natural philosophies and fall under the rubric of the developing sciences. Anatomy then became concerned with the expression and the understanding of Nature and left behind the metaphysicians more concerned with explaining human nature. And in so doing the grimy anatomists became scientists and arbiters of truth.   For some, the anatomy rooms were intensely religious places where an anatomist could come to understand the mind of God. But for others they were a place to separate oneself from theology and theologians. They were, however, certainly dangerous places for the dissenting mind. The expression of one’s own views from these halls contributed to the death of Michael Servetus (1509-1553) for outlining his ideas on the pulmonary circulation but who made the mistake of including them in his 1553 Restitutio Christianismi which also attacked the infallibility of Christ. For this John Calvin (1509-1564) ensured that Servetus was burned at the stake, ordering the kindling saplings to be younger and greener so that the fire would last longer. The same fate awaited Giordano Bruno (1548-1600) who in expressing his agreement with a heliocentric universe where the earth orbited the sun, was also consigned to the flames. In this podcast I outline how without Galileo, Kepler and Newton even anatomy would have stumbled to advance.   The next podcast moves on chronologically and is on the Anatomy Lesson paintings of northern Holland.

This podcast describes the boundaries and approach to the infratemporal and pterygopalatine fossae and the entry and exit chambers of the latter as well as the contents: Includes a discussion of the maxillary artery, the mandibular division of the trigeminal nerve (V3), the muscles of mastication (temporalis, masseter, medial and lateral pterygoid), the pterygopalatine ganglion and the pterygoid venous plexus. The otic ganglion is revisited.   The temporomandibular joint  (TMJ) is also considered in this podcast. 

FIRST HEAD AND NECK QUIZ. Multiple Choice format. There are 15 questions. Some questions may have multiple answers that are correct. These questions have been posed in order to appreciate whether you understand basic areas of the Head and Neck anatomy rather than particular questions.   I will discuss the answers in a later podcast. Good luck! AZ

In this podcast I discuss the milieu into which the Belgian anatomist Andreas Vesalius (1514-64) arrived. Paris lagged well behind Padua in dissection skills and Vesalius introduced the radical idea that he should dissect the body himself simultaneously as he was teaching, rather than just reading to the students aloud from the ancient textbooks. There were so many findings that were discordant with Galen that Vesalius was prompted to write a new anatomy text in 1543 [the] Fabrica Humani Corporis (The Fabric of the Human Body). Perhaps it was not surprising that the book was published in the same year as Nicolaus Copernicus (1473-1543) published his heliocentric theory of the earth orbiting the sun in his De Revolutionibus orbium Coelestium. In the Fabrica, Vesalius included some remarkable images of his dissections drawn by the professional artist Jan Stephan van Calkar (1499-1546) a student of the Venetian Master Titian. The effect was so revolutionary that we might consider all dissections as effectively Pre- or Post-Vesalian.

Part 2 of the Anatomization of Art considers how differences in the personality of Leonardo and Michelangelo influenced their ability to dissect the corpse. By the end for Leonardo there was more legend than influence from a mind whose genius Goethe (1749-1832) had written "müde sich gedacht" (had thought itself weary). The science historian George Sarton (1884-1956) wrote of Leonardo that [his] “originality was due not only to his inherent genius, to the penetration and comprehensiveness of his mind but also to his ignorance”. But in his haze of cosmic misunderstanding, how blissful to be so ignorant! Of Michelangelo, it might be said that he was more of a man of the people, blessed (or perhaps cursed) with the common frailties and conceits that made him and his work more accessible. According to his biographer Ascanio Condivi (1525-1574) Michelangelo dissected through need. But Leonardo dissected through passion.

ANATOMY HEAD AND NECK 6   In this podcast I discuss the brain stem and its ascending/descending tract arrangement in broad terms and a bit about the nuclei such as the nucleus ambiguus and the nucleus solitarius. For those uninterested in this I would skip the first half hour. I then go on to discuss each of the cranial nerves as they emanate from the brain stem as well as the course and branches of these nerves and individual lesions of the cranial nerves. These clinical lesions are based upon the anatomy described.

PART 1: The Anatomization of Art: Anatomic Realism and the Dissecting Habits of Leonardo and Michelangelo   This is the next in the History of Anatomy section of ANATOPOD….   It discusses the differences between the personalities of Leonardo da Vinci (1452-1519) and Michelangelo Buonarroti (1475-1564) and how these differences governed the use of the cadaver in the betterment of their art.   Part 1 begins the discussion on Leonardo and his world view (his Weltanschauung) as well as the inspirations to his work by the goldsmith Lorenzo Ghiberti (1378-1455) and the architect of the Reniassance Leon Battista Alberti (1404-1472).   If one imagines art and anatomy like a Venn diagram, the subsets under consideration would only minimally overlap and caught within the penumbra of that intersection are the relatively rare examples of artists whom we are fairly certain dissected the cadaver (Antonio Pollauiolo, Luca Signorelli, Leonardo, Michelangelo, Rosso Fiorentino, Jacopo da Pontormo, Jacopo Tintoretto, Vincenzo Danti, Alessandro Allori, Pietro Francavilla). On the other side are the anatomists who illustrated their own work (Frederik Ruysch, Antonio Scarpa, John and Charles Bell, Henry Vandyke Carter, Frank Netter). Artist and art chronicler Giorgio Vasari (1511-74) singled out his favoured artisans Leonardo and Michelangelo, both symbols of a perfected skill, one in perspective and the other in marble whose brief was not only the emulation of the visible Nature but who were men capable of surpassing Nature herself. Both artists would argue through their working lives over the supremacy of their favoured medium (painting or sculpture) but regardless of which reigned as the better channel conveying beauty, both had embodied the finest executions of the human form with an almost Divine grace.   Part 2 differentiates how Michelangelo dissected through need but Leonardo because of passion. Michelangelo dissected his bodies for their myology but obsessed with function as much as form Leonardo examined them for their own sake. Leonardo’s anatomical imagery seems to have been produced more for his own edification than anything else. Michelangelo, however, used anatomy as a democratizing force. No less touched by a Divine Grace, the sculpted products that profited by his dissections of the corpse were unguarded tactile encounters specifically designed for the masses.  

AHN 5: The basic osteology of the skull is considered along with the boundaries and division of the cranial cavity into the anterior, middle and posterior cranial fossae. The foraminae and their contents are discussed as are the individual bones and their ossification. Includes: Occiptal, Temporal, Sphenoid, Parietal,Frontal, Ethmoid and the Palatine bones. The anatomy of the scalp and its neurovasculature are considered as is the temporal fossa and the Gillies approach to simple malar and zygomatic arch fracture. The next podcast (AHN 6) discusses the Cranial Nerves and the Brainstem Nuclei.

From the earliest record by Fra Salimbene of an autopsy in 1286, the postmortem examination became the new method of estimating the cause of death. But the rise of autopsy and its social acceptance allowed the anatomists to dissect the human body for inquisitive means. In some cases like Boniface VIII it irked the Pope so much that he issued his decretal the Detestande feritatis Bull in 1299 prohibiting the separation of bodies, which was a method used to preserve the bones of Crusaders. But other Popes like Benedict XIV very much favoured the practice of examination of the corpse in the furthering of the understanding of the physical world. For Benedict (who issued his Notificazione in 1737) dissection of the human body was a powerful way to come to understand the mind of God. The rival cities of Bologna and Padua set up their theatrae anatomia, dissecting halls dedicated to dismantling corpses and their styles governed the public spectacles of dissection for the next 200 years. In this podcast the story of autopsy is considered through its headiest days and to its ultimate modern decline.

Description of the infrastructure of the Autonomic Nervous System of the Head and Neck  Sympathetic Nervous System and Horner's Syndrome  The Parasympathetic Nervous System Structure (Nucleus, Preganglionic pathways, ganglia, postganglionic pathways and the target tissues)  The 4 Head and Neck Ganglia (Ciliary, Submandibular, Pterygopalatine and Otic) 

This podcast discusses the anatomy of the sternocleidomastoid muscle and the trapezius as well as the spinal accessory (XI) nerve. The levator scapulae, scalenii (and their relations), the other prevertebral muscles (longus colli, longus capitis and rectus capitis major) are also considered as is the subclavius. The architecture of the cervical plexus is discussed.

This podcast provides an overview of how anatomy became illustrated beginning with Vesalius who conducted dissections himself and who inveigled the artist Jan Stephan van Calkar to provide exquisite illustrations. With this move anatomy switched from an aural to a new visual tradition and in allowing students to perform their own dissections it democratized anatomy as it acquired a new scientific method through the simple powers of observation. Although the artist and anatomist were looking at the same thing, their imperatives differed, anatomists striving for a precision and artists embellishing their work with an individual panache. By the mid-18th century when most of the macroscopic (so-called gross) anatomy had been discovered, the artists and the anatomists began to mutually drift apart and the art of anatomic illustration settled into a detached and dispassionate banality.  

We continue with the second part of the introduction to the history of anatomy and the dissection of the human cadaver. This indeed is the story of anatomy's leading protagonist, the cadaver and of its willing or unwilling dissection in the discovery of the interior of the body. In this introduction I touch on how the Renaissance spirit made its way albeit reluctantly toward the anatomists, why the artists needed to dissect bodies and what was the nature of the Vesalian revolution. The podcast series and its relevant topics are outlined.  These include: A brief history of illustrating the corpse, the beginnings of autopsy and the influence of the Papacy, the perfected anatomic realism and the dissecting habits of Leonardo da Vinci and Michelangelo Buonarroti, the nature of the Vesalian revolution in dissection, the birth of science and the philosophy of anatomy, Rembrandt and the anatomy paintings of the Dutch Golden Age, Frederik Ruysch and the preservation of a secret, the Kabinets of curiosity and the establishment of the public museum space, the sibling rivalry of the Hunter Brothers, the genesis of the Anatomy Act of 1832 and the traffic of corpses to the medical schools, the dissecting methods of Henry Gray, Röentgen’s Rays and the new ways of seeing, the BodyWorlds exhibition of Gunther von Hagens and the Artistes Macabre and the genderization of Anatomy. Hmmm... that's quite a lot! So let's get started!  

This Podcast introduces ANATOPOD - the first podcast designed to teach anatomy to a high level. Following this introductory podcast the weekly series will move to the detailed anatomy of the Head and Neck and Neuroanatomy as well as adding podcasts on the history of anatomy and cadaveric dissection.

We begin with an overview of the history of cadaveric dissection and the beginnings of anatomy as a discrete discipline. Since the traveling Body Worlds Show of Gunther von Hagens there has been a resurgence of public interest in the cadaver and its social impact. I outline the fascination with dissecting the human body and how I moved from life as a practicing surgeon to an anatomy tutor. This is the first introduction of a 2-part introductory podcast which chronologically outlines how the ritual of cadaveric dissection evolved and how the anatomy of the human body became illustrated. The second introductory podcast summarizes the beginnings of autopsy, the dissecting habits of Leonardo da Vinci and Michelangelo Buonarroti, the genius of Vesalius and the birth of science....and so much more.   

This podcast covers the infrahyoid musculature layout and the anatomy and relations of the thyroid gland and the parathyroids along with the important surgical anatomy of the recurrent and external laryngeal nerves. In the second half of this podcast the surgical anatomy and operative surgical approach to the parotid and the submandibular gland are discussed. Some of the suprahyoid muscle arrangements are considered.

This podcast outlines the neck triangles and their boundaries, the different neck fasciae (investing layer of deep cervical, pretracheal, prevertebral, carotid sheath, buccopharyngeal and pharyngobasilar) and their significance in surgery and sepsis. There is a preamble about how to approach the detailed anatomy of the head and neck by compartmentalized study. The subdivisions of the triangles are outlined with supportive images on the Facebook site Anatopod.